Empirically supported treatments in pediatric psychology: regimen adherence.

OBJECTIVE To review empirical studies of psychological interventions for nonadherence to medical regimens for three chronic illnesses: asthma, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), and type 1 diabetes. METHODS The Chambless criteria for "promising," "probably efficacious," or "well-established" were applied to 8 intervention studies on asthma, 4 on JRA, and 11 on type 1 diabetes. RESULTS For asthma, organizational strategies appear probably efficacious in promoting adherence, whereas educational and behavioral strategies appear promising. For JRA, behavioral strategies appear probably efficacious in improving adherence. For type 1 diabetes, multicomponent packages and operant learning procedures appear probably efficacious, whereas cognitive-behavioral strategies appear promising. No interventions were identified as "well-established." CONCLUSIONS Future studies will need to develop adequate definitions of adherence, accurate methods of assessing adherence, and appropriate designs to evaluate multicomponent treatment programs to advance interventions to the "well-established" category.